POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS 12TH NOTES | JKBOSE CLASS 12TH NOTES
CHAPTER NO 1
THE COLD WAR ERA IN WORLD POLITICS (Marks 07)
Q 1. WRITE DOWN A DETAILED NOTE ON MEANING, CAUSES AND
ORIGIN OF COLD WAR? (JKBOSE ANNUAL 2016)
Ans;- Cold war, was a war of nervous in which no blood was shed, no
bullet was fired but the tension was kept up and the world was made to live on the brink of war. The tense and hostile relations that developed between the capitalist countries led by U.S.A. and communist Nations headed by Soviet Union in the years after the 2nd world war came to be known as cold war.
Causes of cold war.
1. The ideological conflict between capitalist countries headed by U
S A and communist nations headed by USSR led to the cold war; -
USSR wanted to spread communism while USA wanted to control the
spread of communism. After Second World War communism spread to
Eastern Europe, North Korea and China. This alarmed the USA and led to
a serious ideological rift between USA and USSR.
2. Secrecy over atom bombs;- USA maintained secrecy over atom bomb
in front of its war ally USSR which was against the principles of alliance
system, as it disclosed the secret of having atom bomb to Britain & France
which greatly irked Soviet Union.
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3. Violation of Yalta agreement by USSR;- Soviet Union tried to increase its
influence in Eastern Europe especially in Poland after the second world war,
which was against the Yalta agreement as according to the provisions of Yalta
agreement, that after the war Soviet Union will provide the right to choose their
own government free from communism to Poland but it established Dublin
government there which was the violation of the agreement.
4. Soviet pressure on western countries;- The western countries were
dissatisfied with several Soviet decisions during the course of second world war,
they were alarmed by the fast growing power of USSR. The western powers
fearing the possible repercussions of this event upon the course of international
relations.
5. Truman doctrine. American President Henry Truman started a programme of
containment of Soviet Union by providing aid to Western European states. Thus
USA came in direct suspicion in the Soviet eyes contributing to the growth of cold
war.
6. Marshal plan. In 1947, Marshall, the US, secretary of state, put forward a plan
to give economic aid to west European countries so that they could recover from
the shattering effects of Second World War and will not fall under communism.
7. Molotov plan;- Under this plan economic aid was given to East-European
countries to make these countries powerful against the western capitalism.
8. Fulton speech;- In march 1946, British P.M Winston Churchill gave a speech
in Fulton Missouri(USA) in which he used the “sinews of peace” (iron curtain) .
The iron curtain symbolized the ideological conflict dividing Europe between two
separate areas.
ORIGIN Of COLD WAR:- There is no unanimity amongst scholars regarding the
origin of cold war. Some scholars place it as far back as the Bolshivik revolution
in 1917. Desmond Domely in his book "struggle for the world" said that the cold
war has its origin in the struggle for power in the central Asia between the rival
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imperialism of Britain and Russia in the nineteenth century. In broader sense it
began with the second Russian revolution of 1917, with ten months after Russia's
October revolution, soviet union and the West USA were at war, moreover the
war was not a cold war but`marked by many casualties and vast destruction. The
majority of the authors treat the emergence of cold war as a post second world
War phenomenon.
Q.2; MENTION EMERGENCE OF TWO POWER BLOCS AFTER 2 ND
WORLD WAR?
ANS; The remarkable result of 2 nd world war was the end of the war time
alliance & cooperation among the allies, Soviet Russia & USA emerged as
the only two nations worthy of the title “big power”. The other nations of the
world began to move around them. This led to the division of the world into
two blocs (USA or western bloc or capitalist bloc or 1 st world & USSR or
eastern bloc or communist bloc or soviet bloc or 2 nd world). The Second
World War was won by USA, USSR, BRITAIN AND FRANCE. USA and
USSR emerged as two power blocks as Britain and France were entangled
in wars in different parts of the world.
Q.3. The cold war produced an arms race as well as arms control. What
were the reasons for both these developments?
Ans. The cold war produced an arms race, mutual suspicion between the
two super powers USA & USSR led them to arm themselves. They
miscalculate the stock of arms in the possession of other side so both the
super powers made more & more arms. However both the powers have a
threat that there can be a nuclear accident. Hence both the super powers
decided to limit or eliminate certain kinds of nuclear & non-nuclear
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weapons , thus both the power blocs signed many disarmament treaties
such as Limited test ban treaty LTBT 1963, NPT 1968 , SALT-1 1972
SALT-2 1979 to limit their arms .
The reasons for both these developments as under:
1. Each bloc wishes to become more and more powerful than the other,
so they produce more and more arms.
2. Both the blocs agreed to limit their arms, having the threat 0f nuclear
war, so they signed several disarmament treaties.
Q.4; Why did the super powers have military alliances with the smaller
countries. Give two reasons? OR
Why did super powers need allies during cold war?
ANS. The super powers have military alliances with the smaller countries
for the following reasons;
1) The smaller states were helpful for the super powers (USA & USSR)
in gaining access to locations from where the super powers could
launch their weapons & troops.
2) The smaller states together could help pay for military expenses.
Q.5. Sometimes it is said that the cold war was a simple struggle for
power & that ideology had nothing to do with it. Do you agree with
this? Give one example.
Ans. Cold war was not only a simple struggle for power but it was also a
conflict of ideology. USSR represented the ideology of socialism
(communism) while the western bloc headed by USA represented the
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ideology of liberal democracy & capitalism. Both the super powers were
determined to prove that their ideology is better & it could establish world
peace. The loyalty of allies suggested that the super powers were winning
the war of ideas as well, that liberal democracy & capitalism were better
than socialism & communism or vice versa.
Q.6.What was Indias foreign policy towards the USA & USSR during
the cold war era? Do you think that this policy serves Indias
interests?
Ans, Indias foreign policy towards USA & USSR during the cold war era
was based on the principle of non-alignment. Indias policy was neither
negative nor passive. It took particular care in staying away from the two
blocs. It raised its voice against the newly decolonized countries becoming
part of these alliances. Nehru reposed great faith in a genuine common
wealth of free & co-operating nations that would play a positive role in
softening if not ending the cold war.
This policy protected Indias interests in following ways;
1) It helped India to take international decisions & stances that served its
interests other than the interests of the super powers & their allies.
2) This policy i.e. non alignment has been a source of friendship for India.
3) By this policy India blackmailed both the powers & got economic
assistance from both.
Q.7. NAM was considered a 3 rd option by the 3 rd world countries. How
did this option benefit their growth during the peak of the cold war?
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Ans:- Cold war divided the world into two rival blocs i.e. American bloc &
soviet bloc. NAM offered the newly decolonized countries of Asia ,Africa
and Latin America a third option to keep themselves aloof from power
politics i.e. not to join either blocs.
During the peak of the cold war NAM benefited the member states in
many ways
{1} It helped its member states to take international decisions.
{2} NAM helped its member states to maintain their individuality.
{3} It become a sources of friendship for its member states with both the
rival blocs.
{4} By adopting the policy of NAM the third world countries got economic
assistance from both the super powers.
Q.8:- What do you think about the statement that NAM has become
irrelevant today. Give reasons to support your Opinion?
Ans:-NAM is not fully irrelevant today, the cold war has gone but NAM is
still existing & developing ,it has achieved its objectives but still it is working
for the establishment of peace & destruction of nuclear weapons in the
world .NAM has also been a movement against apartheid, armament race,
nuclear weapons & forces of totalitarianism & authoritarianism in the world
politics. it is necessary for securing a place of dignity honour & equality for
the developing countries .It is necessary for establishment of NIEO ,for the
democratization of the international system and its functioning. It is also
necessary for the progress of disarmament & denuclearization .These
objectives are of long terms nature, hence NAM is destined to remain,
alive, active & relevant
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Q. 9;- What is Non-Alignment movement?
Ans:- After 2 nd world war, the world was divided into two camps engaged in
cold war .Many newly countries got independence and they decided to
remain away from these camps, they did this to maintain their in-
dependence in international relations. The policy which guided the path of
such states came to be gradually known as non-Alignment movement.
Founding fathers of NAM
{1}J.L Nehru from India
{2} Gamal Abdel Nasser from Egypt
{3} Josip Broz Tito from Yugoslavia
{4} Ahmad Sukarno from Indonesia
{5} Dr. Kwame Nkrumah from Ghana
Summits of NAM :- The conference of Heads of State or Government of
the Non-Aligned Countries, often referred to as Non-Aligned Movement
Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few
years.
Date Host City Host
Country
1st 1–6 September 1961 Yugoslavia Belgrade
2nd 5–10 October 1964 Egypt Cairo
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3rd 8–10 September 1970 Zambia Lusaka
4th 5–9 September 1973 Algeria Algiers
5th 16–19 August 1976 Sri Lanka Colombo
6th 3–9 September 1979 Cuba
Havana
7th 7–12 March 1983 India
New Delhi
8th 1–6 September 1986 Zimbabwe Harare
9th 4–7 September 1989 Yugoslavia Belgrade
10th 1–6 September 1992 Indonesia Jakarta
11th 18–20 October 1995 Colombia Cartagena
12th 2–3 September 1998 South Africa Durban
13th 20–25 February 2003 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur
14th 15–16 September 2006 Cuba Havana
15th 11–16 July 2009 Egypt Sharm el-Sheikh
16th 26–31 August 2012 Iran Tehran
17th 13–18 September 2016 Venezuela Porlamar
A variety of ministerial meetings are held between the summit meetings.
Some are specialist, such as the meeting on "Inter-Faith Dialogue and Co-
operation for Peace", held in Manila, the Philippines, 16–18 March 2010.
There is a general Conference of Foreign Ministers every three years. The
most recent were in Bali, Indonesia, 23–27 May 2011 and Algiers, Algeria,
26–29 May 2014.
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The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary in Belgrade on
5–6 September 2011.
Q. 10;- Write a short note new international economic order {NIEO}?
Ans:- New international economic order constitutes a frame work for
eliminating the existing era of international economic system , which is
mostly catering to the needs & interests of the developed countries to the
detriment of the under developed third world. The NIEO is based on the
assumption that the prevalent international order perpetuates & aggravates
international in-equalities & that new relationship of interdependence
should replace the older patterns of dependence & in-equal exchange
.NIEO stands for making the international system fairer just and equitable,
by adapting a code of conduct for the developed countries & by accepting
the due rights of underdeveloped countries, it seeks to end the existing
imbalance & in-equalities in the economic relation between the under
developed & the developed world.
Q.11:- WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON MARSHAL PLAN?
ANS:- In June 1947, American secretary of state George. Marshal
announced a plan for the reconstruction of the economies of Western
Europe under the name of Marshal Plan. All the 16 non-communist
European nations which received aid from Marshal Plan formed an
organization for European economic co-operation (OEEC) on 15 April
1948.
Q.12:- EXPLAIN ARENAS OF COLD WAR WITH EXAMPLES?
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ANS:- Arenas of cold war means areas where crises and war occurred or
threatened to occur between the alliance system {USA & USSR} but did not
cross certain limits. For example Cuba (1962), Korea (1950-53), Berlin
(1958-61) Vietnam (1954-75) & Afghanistan (1979-89).
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS :- The Cuban Missile Crisis, was a 13-day
(October 16–28, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the
Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and
Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba. The
confrontation, elements of which were televised, was the closest the Cold
War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.
In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961, and the presence of
American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey, Soviet leader Nikita
Khrushchev decided to agree to Cuba's request to place nuclear missiles in
Cuba to deter future harassment of Cuba. An agreement was reached
during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962
and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that
summer.
The 1962 midterm elections were under way in the United States and the
White House had denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet
missiles 90 miles from Florida. These missile preparations were confirmed
when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of
medium-range (SS-4) and intermediate-range (R-14) ballistic missile
facilities. The United States established a military blockade to prevent
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further missiles from entering Cuba. It announced that they would not
permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the
weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the USSR.
After a long period of tense negotiations, an agreement was reached
between President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev. Publicly, the Soviets
would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the
Soviet Union, subject to United Nations verification, in exchange for a U.S.
public declaration and agreement never to invade Cuba again without
direct provocation. Secretly, the United States also agreed that it would
dismantle all U.S.-built Jupiter MRBMs, which were deployed in Turkey and
Italy against the Soviet Union but were not known to the public.
When all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il-28 light bombers had been
withdrawn from Cuba, the blockade was formally ended on November 20,
1962. The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union
pointed out the necessity of a quick, clear, and direct communication line
between Washington and Moscow. As a result, the Moscow–Washington
hotline was established. A series of agreements sharply reduced
U.S.–Soviet tensions during the following years.
2- Korea :- in 1945, Japan surrendered before USSR in North Korea and
USA in South Korea. Elections were held for a United Korea but in the
meantime separate governments were set up. Both were dictators.
Communist in the north and capitalist in the south. In 1950 North Korean
troops invaded South Korea. USA sent troops to drove back north Korean
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forces. In the meantime uno acted and ordered the north Korean forces to
leave South Korea. The Korean crisis came to an end with the division of
Korea into North & South Korea along 38th parallel.
3. Berlin :- second world War ended with the defeat of Germany and other
axis powers. In 1948-49 Berlin was blocked by USSR so that the residents
of East Germany may not went to the west Germany as lakhs of people
have already migrated. In response to this USA air lifted the supplies of
food to the citizens of West Berlin. In 1961 Berlin Wall was constructed by
USSR leading to the division of Germany. In 1989 Berlin Wall was
destroyed by the people of the two Berlins and in 1990 Germany was
unified.
4- Afghanistan :- The Soviet–Afghan War lasted over nine years from
December 1979 to February 1989. Insurgent groups ("the Mujahedeen")
fought against the Soviet Army and allied Afghan forces. Between
850,000–2 million civilians were killed and millions of Afghans fled the
country as refugees, mostly to Pakistan and Iran.
Prior to the arrival of Soviet troops, communists took power in a 1978 coup,
installing Nur Mohammad Taraki as president. He initiated a series of
radical modernization reforms throughout the country that were deeply
unpopular, particularly among the more traditional rural population. The
regime vigorously suppressed any opposition and arrested thousands,
executing as many as 27,000 political prisoners. Anti-government armed
groups were formed, and by April 1979 large parts of the country were in
open rebellion. The government itself was highly unstable with in-party
rivalry, and the president was assassinated by followers of Hafizullah Amin,
who then became president. Deteriorating relations and worsening
rebellions led the Soviet government, under leader Leonid Brezhnev, to
deploy the 40th Army on December 24, 1979.Arriving in the capital Kabul,
they staged a coup, killing president Amin and installing Soviet loyalist
Babrak Karmal from a rival faction.
In January 1980, foreign ministers from 34 nations of the Islamic
Conference adopted a resolution demanding "the immediate, urgent and
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unconditional withdrawal of Soviet troops" from Afghanistan, while the UN
General Assembly passed a resolution protesting the Soviet intervention by
a vote of 104–18.Afghan insurgents began to receive massive amounts of
aid, military training in neighboring Pakistan and China, paid for primarily by
the United States and Arab monarchies in the Persian Gulf. As
documented by the National Security Archive, "the Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA) played a significant role in asserting U.S. influence in
Afghanistan by funding military operations designed to frustrate the Soviet
invasion of that country. CIA covert action worked through Pakistani
intelligence services to reach Afghani rebel groups."Soviet troops occupied
the cities and main arteries of communication, while the mujahideen waged
guerrilla war in small groups operating in the almost 80 percent of the
country that escaped government and Soviet control. Soviets used their air
power to deal harshly with both rebels and civilians, leveling villages to
deny safe haven to the enemy, destroying vital irrigation ditches, and laying
millions of land mines.
By mid-1987 the Soviet Union, now under reformist leader Mikhail
Gorbachev, announced it would start withdrawing its forces. The final troop
withdrawal started on May 15, 1988, and ended on February 15, 1989. Due
to its length it has sometimes been referred to as the "Soviet Union's
Vietnam War" or the "Bear Trap" by the Western media and thought to be a
contributing factor to the fall of the Soviet Union.
Q.13:-DEFINE NATO? NAME MEMBER COUNTRIES OF NATO?
ANS:-North-Atlantic treaty organization {NATO} was established on 4 th April
1949, also called western alliance or Atlantic alliance, was an association
of 12 states which declared that if an armed attack occurs against one of
the member states, it would be regarded as an attack on all of them & other
members shall assist the attacked member with armed forces if necessary.
It was a U.S sponsored military alliance. Now it is an alliance of 28
members which are as under;-
{1}Belgium {2}Canada {3} Denmark {4}France {5}Ice-land {6}Italy
{7}Luxembourg {8}Netherlands {Holland Dutch} {9} Norway {10}Portugal
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{11} U.S.A {12} Greece {13} Turkey {14} Germany {15} Spain {16} Czech
Republic {17} Hungry {18} Poland {19} Bulgaria {20} Estonia {21} Latvia
{22} Lithuania {23} Romania {24} Slovakia {25} Slovenia {26} Albania
{27} Croatia. (28) Britain. (29) Montenegro 5june 2017
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Q.14;- WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON CENTO (METO) “OR” BAGHDAD
PACT ?
ANS;- The CENTO (Central treaty organization)(Middle East treaty
organization) was formed in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey & United
kingdom at Baghdad. It was dissolved in 1979.Its headquarter were located
at Ankara (Turkey).
Q.15;- WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON SEATO?
ANS;- The South East Asia treaty organization (SEATO) was an
international organization for collective defense in South East Asia created
by the South East Asia defense treaty or Manila pact , signed in
September 1954 in Manila (Philippines) by Australia, New Zealand,
Philippines, Pakistan (including East Pakistan now Bangladesh), Thailand,
France, UK & USA .It was dissolved on 30 th June 1977 after many
members lost interest & withdrew.
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Q.16. WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON WARSAW PACT?
ANS;- Warsaw pact was a mutual defense treaty between Eight communist
states of Central & Eastern Europe in existence during the cold war. The
treaty was signed on 14 th of May 1955 in Warsaw (Poland). The Warsaw
pact was the military complement to the council for mutual economic
assistance, the regional economic organization for the communist states of
central & Eastern Europe. It was dissolved on 1 July 1991. Its member
states were Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungry, Poland,
Romania, Soviet Union & Albania.
Q.17.WHAT IS NUCLEAR DETERRENCE?
ANS;- It is a situation in which both sides have the capacity to retaliate any
kind of nuclear attack & cause so much damage that none of them afford to
initiate the war. The deterrence prevented war but not rivalry between the
two superpowers.
Q. 18. DEFINE NEUTRALITY AND ISOLATIONISM. ?
ANS:- the policy or status of a nation that does not participate in a war
between other nations is known as neutrality. Isolationism is a doctrine
that a nation should stay out of the disputes and affairs of other nations.
The United States practiced a policy of isolationism until World War I and
did not pursue an active international policy until after World War II.
Q. No 19:- Explain Detente?
ANS. Détente means relaxation of tension, it is the easing of strained
relations, especially in a political situation. The term is often used in
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reference to the general easing of the tensions between the Soviet Union
and the United States which began in 1969, as a foreign policy of U.S.
presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford called détente; a "thawing out"
or "un-freezing" at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War.
The period was characterized by the signing of treaties such as SALT I
and the Helsinki Accords. Another treaty, SALT II, was discussed but never
ratified by the United States. There is still ongoing debate amongst
historians as to how successful the détente period was in achieving peace.
Q. No 20:- Write down a short note on new cold war?
ANS:- The origin of the new cold war is generally traced back to December
1979 when soviet union (USSR) Intervened in Afghanistan. The Carter
administration arranged secret supply of arms to Afghan rebels to
pressurize Russia to negotiate. Finally USSR withdraws it's forces from
Afghanistan in 1989.
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Chapter no 2
DISINTEGRATION OF THE SECOND WORLD & THE COLLAPSE OF
BIPOLARITY will be uploaded in next post.
